SERA Preventing radicalisation in prisons -

P a g e | 7 ERASMUS+ N° 580247-EPP-1-2016-1-FR-EPPKA3-IPI-SOC-IN disease, behavioural and management problems and scarce resources. These coupled with charismatic leaders in prison, leaders that offer comfort, support and social status make vulnerable prisoners more susceptible to extremist ideology and their leaders (Farrington & Nuttall, 1980 ; Khosrokhavar, 2013). Lack of resources, coupled with overcrowding enable these leaders to organise their own social groups and brainwash their followers to their way of thinking, through offering protection and initiating propaganda. Liebling (2012.10) described ‘Muslim “key-players” [as] target[ing] ‘lost’ inmates and offer[ing] themselves as trustworthy guides, propagating Islam as a means to find[ing] an identity and meaning in life. MANAGEMENT OF VIOLENT EXTREMISTS OFFENDERS The question that management often poses with regard to managing extremist offenders is if they should be kept isolated and concentrated in high security prisons or if they should be integrated in the mainstream prison. Some prisons like those in the USA, Australia, and the Netherlands adopted isolation and concentration policies, while other countries, like Spain use a policy whereby ETA extremist are mixed with the mainstream prisoners while the Jihadi terrorists are isolated (Manuel and Soriano, 2014). Yet others, such as France first adopted isolation principles but in 2016, due to lack of results turned back to concentration policies. The arguments of whether to segregate or not to segregate are numerous. Some researchers (Buller, 2017) argue that segregation is not the answer, as it solves one problem but it will create others, such as making prisoners more radicalised. It is surely cheaper and reduces the change of propaganda dissemination, however there is no indication that this policy had better outcomes that mixing extremist prisoners with others (Veldhuis, 2016). Such researchers advocate for better monitoring and more staff training and resources. On the other hand Jones and Morales (2012) maintain ‘that integrating terrorists into a gang-dominated prison culture may promote disengagement and encourage de-radicalisation’. EVALUATED PRISON-BASED PROGRAMMES ON DE-RADICALISATION Effectively monitored and scientifically evaluated prison-based programmes on radicalisation are few. Studies are either descriptive or theoretical. Answers to de-radicalisation mainly focus on : 1. isolating prisoners; 2. providing practical incentives for prisoners to engage in; 3. using former militants to debate with current prisoners; 4. running workshops to tackle issues such as anger management (Sulastri, 2014).